Bromus (carinatus)

Mark E. Majerus USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center 99 South River Road, Rte. 2, Box 1189 Bridger, Montana 59014-9718 (406) 662-3579 (406) 662-3428 (fax) mmajerus@mt.nrcs.usda.gov http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/mtpmc

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Family Scientific Name:	Poaceae
Family Common Name:	Grass
Scientific Name:	Bromus carinatus
Common Name:	California brome
Species Code:	BRCA5
Ecotype:	See
General Distribution:	Moist woods to dry open meadows or sagebrush-covered hills, mostly in foothills or mountains; Alaska to Baja California, east to Alberta, Dakotas, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.
Propagation Goal:	seeds
Propagation Method:	seed
ProductType:	Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.)
Time To Grow:	0
Target Specifications:	Harvest yields vary due to weather and age of stand. Average annual production is 247 kg/ha (221 lbs/ac).
Propagule Collection:	Wildland collection occurs late July to early August when caryopsis are brownish, at the firm dough stage, and beginning to shatter (natural dispersal) from the panicle; easily hand-harvested. One collection hour/person will yield an average 1,354 grams (48 oz) clean seed (ranges 236 to 1,790 grams and varies by year, stand density, and collector experience).
Propagule Processing:	Seed Processing: Seed is spread out on a tarp in a dry, sheltered environment and tuned daily for approximately 3-5 days, until no moisture or warmth is detected. After drying, material is processed with a Wintersteiger plot combine at concave 1/4 to 1/2 open, speed 1000 rpm, and medium wind. Seed is threshed with a hammermill through a 12/64' round hole screen, and air-screen processed on a Clipper M2B or Eclipse cleaner over a 14/64" or 16/64" round hole screen. Due to a larger seed, absence of awns, fluff or other seed debris, and good seed flow, this species is relatively easy to clean. Larger seed lots are processed most efficiently with mechanized cleaning equipment and smaller seed lots usually require more hand labor. Seeds/Kg: 139,000. Germination: 91%. Purity: 100%.
Pre-Planting Treatments:	Seed Treatments: Seeds placed in 0-1§C (32-34§F) for a 10-day cold stratification treatment and then exposed to 22-25§C (72-77§F).
Growing Area Preparation/ Annual Practices for Perennial Crops:	Propagation Environment: Seedbed is firm and free of weeds with good field moisture to 4" depth. Seed Propagation Method: Direct seeding.
Establishment Phase:	Sowing Date: Spring or dormant fall. Sowing/Planting Technique: 25-30 pure live seed/ft (0.3 m) row, irrigated 91-cm (36-in) row spacing, seeded with two-row double-disk planter with depth bands, seeding depth 1.3 cm (0.5 in). Establishment Phase: Soil surface is kept moist throughout the 2 week germination and emergence period (also helps prevent soil crusting); lower rates of Buctrilr or bromoxynil are applied at 3-5 leaf stage to control broadleaf weeds. Fertilizer application is not recommended the first year, as it generally stimulates weed growth and competition.
Length of Establishment Phase:	2 growing seasons.
Active Growth Phase:	Rapid Growth Phase: Spring to fall; broadleaf weed control with herbicides must occur prior to boot stage; soil moisture is critical during development, and post harvest to pre-freezeup - no irrigation is applied during flowering (pollination); fertilizer is broadcast at 100 lbs actual N/40 lbs actual P/acre in mid-September.
Length of Active Growth Phase:	2 to 3 growing seasons.
Hardening Phase:	N.A.
Harvesting, Storage and Shipping:	Harvest Date: Cultivated harvest occurs late June to mid July, with a mean harvest date of July 6 at the Bridger Plant Materials Center. A John Deer swather is used to cut stems into windrows for direct combining, or, to minimize seed loss, a temporary "diaper"-a heavy piece of plastic or canvas clipped underbelt draper - is attached for direct catchment. Seed Storage: Seed is placed in plastic seed bags and stored in cool, dry environment. Seed Dormancy: Classified as physiological dormancy.
Length of Storage:	<b>Storage Duration:</b> 5-7 years.
Other Comments:	Ecotype: 4 different Glacier National Park accessions periodically collected and produced from 1988 to 1999. elevation ranges 1,372 m to 1,463 m (4,500 to 4,800 ft).
References:	Manual of the Grasses of the United States, A.S. Hitchcock, Second Edition, Two Volumes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1970. Flora of the Pacific Northwest, C.L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist, University of Washington Press, 1973. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, C.C. Baskin and J.M. Baskin, Academic Press, 2001.

Citation:

Winslow, Susan R.. 2002. Propagation protocol for production of Propagules (seeds, cuttings, poles, etc.) Bromus carinatus seeds USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials Center Bridger, Montana. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2024/07/01). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.