Broussonetia (papyrifera)
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Kim Wilkinson Craig Elevitch Permanent Agriculture Resources P.O. Box 428 Holualoa, Hawaii 96725 808-324-4427 808-324-4129 (fax) par@agroforestry.net www.agroforestry.net |
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| Family Scientific Name: | Moraceae | ||
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| Family Common Name: | Fig | ||
| Scientific Name: | Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Venten. | ||
| Common Synonym: | Morus papyrifera L. | ||
| Common Name: | paper mulberry; wauke (Hawaii); malo; masi (Fiji) hiapo; tutu (Tonga); u'a (Samoa); aute (Cooks, Societies); ute (Marquesas); aute (New Zealand) | ||
| Ecotype: | Found especially along stream beds and wet valleys. | ||
| General Distribution: | Indigenous to China, Japan, Burma and Thailand. Aboriginal introduction throughout Malesia and the Pacific, including Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, New Guinea, and Hawaii. Not reported present in Micronesia except Yap, where it is a recent introduction. | ||
| Known Invasiveness: | This species is widely introduced in other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | ||
| Propagation Goal: | plants | ||
| Propagation Method: | vegetative | ||
| ProductType: | Container (plug) | ||
| Time To Grow: | 0 | ||
| Target Specifications: | Seedlings have reached target in one gallon containers when approximately 50 cm in height, stem diameter 2-4 cm, with well-formed root systems that are not root-bound but that fill out the container. | ||
| Propagule Collection: | The best time to dig up root suckers is soon after they appear around the tree. They sucker most prolifically during the wet season. | ||
| Propagule Processing: | It is best to dig out the suckers (in Hawaii, called "keiki") from around maturetrees soon after the suckers appear. The plant is usually about 20-40 cm high. Dig carefully to expose the roots, and cut roots on either side with a clean, sharp clippers. Leave as much root on the plant as possible. Because the sucker's root system has been greatly diminished, it is also best to clip off most of the plant's leaves, as there is not enough root system to support their water needs. The growing tips and a few young leaves should remain. | ||
| Pre-Planting Treatments: | No pretreatment or hormones necessary. | ||
| Growing Area Preparation/ Annual Practices for Perennial Crops: |
Seedlings are grown in partial shade. Containers used are one-gallon poly bags, copper coated for root training, or other root-training one-gallon containers are also suitable. A well-drained potting media such as 50% Sunshine peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% vermiculite, amended with a little compost, dolomite lime, gypsum, micronutrients, Osmocote 14-14-14 is used. Potting media may also be inoculated with VAM (mycorrhizal fungi), available from commercial suppliers and garden centers. | ||
| Establishment Phase: | The plant should be placed in its one-gallon container immediately after it has been dug out and cut away from the parent tree. Plant at the same depth as the plant was in the ground. Make sure any dangling roots are pointed downwards. Firm potting media carefully around the root system. Water thoroughly, and keep well-watered. For best results, make sure plants are in the shade, especially during the hottest times of the day. If shade is unavailable, some coconut palm fronds or other materials can be leaned over the plant to make temporary cover, at least for the first 4 weeks. Water daily, twice a day if conditions are dry and hot. Protect from wind. | ||
| Length of Establishment Phase: | 1 month | ||
| Active Growth Phase: | Seedlings remain in partial shade. If fertilizer is added (such as a balanced 8-8-8 such as Gro-More or Osmocote), it should be done very sparingly, less than half the manufacturer's directions. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | ||
| Length of Active Growth Phase: | 4 months | ||
| Hardening Phase: | Most wauke is cultivated in partial shade. However, if the seedlings are to be planted in full sun, the plants should be moved to full sun conditions during their final month in the nursery to harden them to the site conditions. Seedlings should never be allowed to dry out. | ||
| Length of Hardening Phase: | 1 month | ||
| Harvesting, Storage and Shipping: | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping seedlings in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Carefully cutting the poly bag off the root system is less stressful than pulling the plant out of the container. | ||
| References: |
Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1990. Plant of the Month: Wauke. Hawaii Plant Conservation Center, NTBG, Lawai, HI Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plantsof Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. |
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Citation:
Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Venten. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2024/07/01). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.
