Gnetum (gnemon)
|
Kim Wilkinson Craig Elevitch Permanent Agriculture Resources P.O. Box 428 Holualoa, Hawaii 96725 808-324-4427 808-324-4129 (fax) par@agroforestry.net www.agroforestry.net |
|
| Family Scientific Name: | Gnetaceae | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific Name: | Gnetum gnemon L. | ||
| Common Name: | joint fir, gnetum, gnemon tree, bago, melinjo, Spanish joint fir, banago, meninjau | ||
| Ecotype: | tropical rainforests up to 1200 m elevation | ||
| General Distribution: | Native to India, Southeast Asia and Malesia to the Caroline Islands and Fiji. Now cultivated in humid and dry areas of Southeast Asia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Polynesia, Melenesia and parts of Africa. | ||
| Known Invasiveness: | This species is widely introduced throughout other tropical regions of the world where it may be invasive in some areas and invasiveness outside its naturally occurring range is unknown. | ||
| Propagation Goal: | plants | ||
| Propagation Method: | seed | ||
| ProductType: | Container (plug) | ||
| Time To Grow: | 0 | ||
| Target Specifications: | Minimum height is 20-30 cm, roots well-formed. | ||
| Propagule Collection: | In areas where there is a clear season (such as the Philippines), fruits are mature in June or July. Elsewhere, there is no clear season. Mature fruits are collected from the ground around the tree. | ||
| Propagule Processing: | The seed is enclosed in a red, fleshy covering about 1 mm thick, which should be cleaned off prior to planting. Seeds should be planted fresh. | ||
| Pre-Planting Treatments: | After fruits are collected, they are soaked in water overnight to soften the outer skin (exocarp). The outer skin is then removed, exposing the nut. Germination takes 45-90 days. For some seeds, germination may take up to a year; it is unknown whether pretreatment or scarification would hasten the germination. | ||
| Growing Area Preparation/ Annual Practices for Perennial Crops: |
Seedlings prefer partial shade for germination and subsequent nursery conditions. Seeds with the shell on are sown in trays or beds of sand, vermiculite, or potting media, and covered with about 10 mm of same material. Daily watering is necessary. Containers such as Treepots (Small Ones, about 3/4 gallon) may be used. A well-drained media works well for this species. |
||
| Establishment Phase: | Emergents must be transplanted in a timely fashion. This is often done about 3 months after sowing. Partial shade and moist conditions (frequent watering) facilitate good growth after transplanting. | ||
| Length of Establishment Phase: | 3 months | ||
| Active Growth Phase: | Amending with additional fertilizer such as a light top dressing of Gro-More 8-8-8 will aid in growth and development. If any weeds enter the soil-free media, they should be removed. | ||
| Length of Active Growth Phase: | 8 months | ||
| Hardening Phase: | During the final 4 weeks, seedlings may be moved to full sun if they are to be outplanted in full sun conditions. If they will be outplanted in partial shade (recommended), no special hardening phase is required. | ||
| Length of Hardening Phase: | 1 month | ||
| Harvesting, Storage and Shipping: | When seedlings have reached target size, they may be delivered to the planting site. They are not extracted from their container or stored before shipping. Keeping them in their container is necessary to protect the roots. Containers may be stood up in cardboard boxes. Seedlings must be protected from wind and excessive heat during transport, but refrigeration is not recommended. Empty containers and trays may be returned for cleaning and reuse after the planting is complete. | ||
| References: |
Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman. Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for Sustainability. United Nations University Press, New York. Coronel, R.E. 1990. Promising Fruits of the Philippines. College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. Thaman, R.R., C.R. Elevitch and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. "Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands." In: Elevitch, C.R. and K.M. Wilkinson. 2000. Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI. web: http://www.agroforestry.net Verheij, E.W.M. and R.E. Coronel, eds. 1992. PROSEA no 2: Edible Fruits and Nuts. PROSEA, Bogor, Indonesia. |
||
Citation:
Elevitch, Craig R.; Wilkinson, Kim M.. 2004. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Gnetum gnemon L. plants Permanent Agriculture Resources Holualoa, Hawaii. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2024/07/03). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.
