Pinaceae (Pinus)
Pinus (lambertiana)
Pinaceae
Pinus
lambertiana
Sugar pine
plants
seed
Bareroot (field grown)
1+0
10 Months
Minimum height is 4in and caliper is 3mm.
Most seed comes from wild collections, with the remainder coming from seed orchards managed by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. All seed is kept separate by the collection area, elevation and date collected. All seed is collected or contracted for collection by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management or other government agencies. All seed is collected in the fall.
Seed is sent to Bend Pine Extractory in the fall for cleaning. It is dried to between 5 and 8% moisture and placed in air tight plastic bags, then stored in seed freezers set at -15C (5F) at the nursery. This seed has a long storage life under these conditions.
Seed is placed in mesh bags and soaked in cold running water for 48 hour. The seed is then laid out 3cm (1 in) thick on trays with fine screen meshed bottoms and placed in cold stratification rooms for 30 to 45 days. Rooms are equipped with foggers to keep the naked seed moist at all times (seed covered with free moisture). Temperatures are set at 1C (33F). Seed is monitored daily to detect seed mold. If mold is found, the seed is hosed down with water.
The nursery soils are a sandy loam (Central Point Sandy Loam Soil Series - Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Haploxeroll). Nine months before sowing, in late spring, 2.5cm (1in) inch of fresh sawdust is applied and disked into the surface. During the summer, the fields are irrigated to encourage weeds to sprout. The fields are disked at regular intervals to keep them free of weeds. Soils are formed into 1.2m (4ft) wide raised beds separated by a 0.6m (2ft) tractor path. There are six beds between irrigation pipelines.
Seeds are the first to be sown at the nursery (mid-March). Seed is sown through a modified Oyjard seed drill. Seed is sown for an initial seedling density of 194 seedlings/m2 (18 seedlings/ft2). Attached to the front of the seed drill is a fertilizer bander. Depending on our soil analysis the bander places 500 kg/ha (450 lb/ac) of potassium sulfate (0-0-53) and 400 kg/ha (360 lb/ac) of ammonium phosphate (11-52-0) is placed at a depth in the soil of10cm (4in). The seed drill has been adapted by attaching 8 steel bands to the drum. The bands are 3cm (1¬ in) wide by 1cm (3/8in) deep and 15cm (6 in) apart. As it rolls in front of the seeder, the band creates a small impression for the seed to drop into. The tubes of the seed drill have been increased in size to allow large seed to pass through and drop directly into the impressions. Behind the seed tubes are small wheels that press the seed into the surface of the soil. Within a half hour of sowing, and then covered with 1cm to 1.3cm (3/8 to « in) of fresh (undecomposed) sawdust. The sawdust is sprayed with Agrilock at 15% solution to hold it in place in case of high winds. Then the seedbeds are sprayed with Goal (oxyfluorfen) at 2 pints per acre as a pre-emergent control for weeds.The seedbeds are irrigated when the seed appears to be drying out. This occurs only on warm days. There is no fertilization during this period.
1 month
Irrigation: Soil tensiometers are placed at 15cm (6in) depths and monitored at least once per week. Soils are irrigate to 30cm (12in) when tensions are at -0.2 or higher. Light (5 minute) bursts of irrigation are given when surface soil temperatures (temperature probe placed under a ¬ inch of soil) are 33C (91F) in June; 35C (95F) in July; 38C (100F) in early August and 40C (104F) in mid August. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied in granular form over the seedlings. After application is complete, the fertilizer is washed off the foliage and into the soil with a half hour of irrigation water. Four applications are made: Approximately 6 weeks after emergence, 56 kg/ha (50 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate is applied when lateral roots have developed from new germinants. 8 weeks after emergence - 84 kg/ha (75 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate. 10 weeks after emergence - 181 kg/ha (162 lbs/ac) ammonium sulfate, 12 weeks after emergence - 140 kg/ha (125 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate and 14 weeks after emergence - 168 kg/ha(150 lbs/ac) of ammonium nitrate. IPM: Handweeding of beds if necessary. If lygus insect found to damage buds, utilize mechanical insect control (Bug suck vacuum) and isecticide (Pydrin) at 10 day intervals until damage from insect no longer observed.
4 months
By the third week in August or when the seedlings dormancy is induced. Irrigation: Only irrigate when the surface temperatures exceed 38C (100F) or pre-dawn plant moisture stress (PMS)exceeds 10 bars. In the early fall the soil profile is completely moistened and plants are kept below 5 bars pre-dawn PMS. From October through the early portion of November, the seedlings are protected from frosts through irrigation. Fertilizer: Two applications applied two weeks apart of112 kg/ha (100 lbs/ac) of ammonium sulfate. This is applied in mid-fall after bud set. IPM: Handweed beds if needed. Prunes and wrenches: Wrench at 12 inches in late August to enhance fall root activity. Vertical prune in October.
2 months
Seedlings lifted between mid-December and late-January. Seedlings are hand-lifted after the seedlings beds have been undercut using an Lundeby lifter. Lifting conditions must be in unsaturated soils, PMS below 15 bars and temperatures above -3C (27F). Seedlings are stored at 1C (33F) and 100 percent humidity for 1 to 5 days before sorting. Sorting removes seedlings that do not meet target specifications (see above). Many clients ask for seedlings to be rootpruned between 23 and 30cm (9 and 12 inch) for planting reasons. We accomplish this with paper cutters. At clients request, we will place a rubber band around a group of seedlings, usually 25. Seedlings are placed in 3 ply bags and sown shut. The bags are placed on racks and stored in coolers at 1C (33F) for storage durations less than 2 months or in freezers at -1C (29F) for greater than 2 months.
up 4 months
This stocktype has a poorly developed root sytem and depending on the season does not always meet our target specifications. This is a difficult stocktype to produce a consistant crop from year to year.
Schopmeyer C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Ag Handbook 450. USDA Forest Service. http://www.wpsm.net/
Duryea M.L., Landis T.D. 1984. Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martius Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague Boston/Lancaster, Forest Research Lab, OSU Corvallis. 386p.
Steinfeld, David E. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) Pinus lambertiana plants 1+0; USDA FS - J Herbert Stone Nursery Central Point, Oregon. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2024/12/22). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.
