Pinaceae (Pinus)
Pinus (resinosa)
Pinaceae
Pine Family
Pinus
resinosa
Aiton.
Red pine
PINRES
Red pine occurs in Canada from Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and southern Quebec to Maine, and to central Ontario and southeast Manitoba; south to southeast Minnesota; and east to Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and the New England States. It occurs locally in Newfoundland, eastern West Virginia, and northern Illinois. It inhabits outwash plains, level or gently rolling sand plains,and low ridges adjacent to lakes and swamps. It also occurs on mountain slopes and hilltops, up to 820 m (2,700 ft)in the Adirondack Mountains and 1,290 m (4,200 ft)in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. In Missouri, we use this species for shelterbelt plantings.
plants
seed
Bareroot (field grown)
2+0
2 Years
Height: 6 to 9 in
Caliper:0.11 to 0.25 in
Root System: Root system must balance top growth.
We purchase our seeds commercially or purchase from local people who collect from established plantings near the nursery.Ovulate cones mature in two years, and are purplish-brown with red-brown scale tips, ovoid to nearly globose, 3.5 to 6 cm (1 to 2.5 in) long and are borne singly or in groups. Each cone contains several, brown, winged seeds.
Cones should be dried quickly after harvest to prevent internal heating, mold development and rapid seed deterioration (Krugman, Jenkinson 2004). After initial drying, cones can be temporarily stored in burlap bags, as long as there is adequate air circulation around the sacks. Cones can be opened by placing in a warm drying shed for several days or by placing them in a kiln at 54ø C (130ø F) for 13 to 20 hours. However, kiln temperatures above 43ø C (109ø F) are not generally recommended (Krugman, Jenkinson 2004).Seeds can be separated from cones by placing them in a large tumbler for large seedlots or a over a small shaker for small seed lots. Seeds are usually de-winged prior to storage. Empty seeds are removed by a Jesse aspirator.
There are 66,000 to 166,000 seeds per kilogram (30,000 to 76,000 seeds per pound) (Krugman, Jenkinson 2004).
Seeds dried to 5 to 10% seed moisture content remain viable for 17 to 20 years when stored at -18 to -5 ø C (-.4 to 23ø F).
Seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours and treated with Thiram fungicide.We plant seeds in late April using a Love seeder set at 3rd gear at 9 setting into prepared field beds.
Soils: Our field soils are silty clay loams.
The spring before planting, we amend the soils with 700 lbs/acre of 1N:3 P205:5K20, grow a soybean cover crop, and fumigate in the fall. We use Roundup Ready soybeans so we can control weeds by using glycosate herbicide without harming the cover crop. During early August, we disk under the cover crop and disk the soils several times during the next 6 weeks to obtain a smooth soil surface. Soils are fumigated in late September. Field Bed Preparation: We mark out and form beds as needed. Beds are prepared with a rototiller/seedbed former and are typically 4 to 6 inches high and 4 ft wide. Fields are cultivated for weeds as needed throughout the growing season.
Irrigation: We use overhead irrigation with two inch pvc pipe that can be moved from field to field each year. Our principle water source is from 3 on-site wells and is very good quality water.
We sow seeds at least .25 inches deep to protect them from deer, rodents and birds. Seeds are covered and irrigated when soils appear to be drying out on warm days. We apply old sawdust and hydromulch after sowing.
1 month after emergence in the spring
Year 1: Fertilization: We apply ammonium sulfate 21-0-0-24 with a mechanical spreader. We put on the first application the last week of May and to only those 1+0 seedlings that have been germinated for at least 5 or 6 weeks. We put down our last application during the last week of July. We apply fertilizer at the rate of 125 lbs/acre. Frequency of application depends on the species and how they look that season. We irrigate for at least 45 minutes following all fertilizer applications. This insures that foliage will not burn and incorporates fertilizer into the root zone.
Year 2: 2+0 nursery stock is fertilized the second year as described above and only as needed. It is applied about every 8 to 10 days, and not on all species. All depends on the species and how they look during the second growing season.
ROOT PRUNING PROCEDURES:Seedlings are root pruned during June. Pruning depth is at least 10 inches for 2+ 0 stock. Irrigate heavily for 2 to 3 days prior to pruning to saturate the root zone. Set pruning blade to slightly wrench seedlings as they are pruned. Check pruning depth frequently and adjust as needed. Irrigate for a minimum of 2 hours following root pruning to settle soil back around roots. This step is critical to eliminate post root pruning mortality. Irrigate field heavily for 2 to 3 days to further settle the soil.
4-5 months year 1 and year 2
Hardening begins during August. No fertilizer is applied after August. Irrigation frequency and duration is shortened and applied only when needed.
3 months
Lifting window is from late November to April, depending on species. We try to obtain a large a root mass as possible. Seedlings are hand lifted after the seedling beds have been undercut at an average depth of 10 or 12 inches using a lifter.Lifted nursery stock is immediately stored in cooler until graded and bundled. The majority of species are graded, bundled and shipped during February.
3 months
Krugman SL, Jenkinson JL. 2004. The genus Pinus. In: Woody Plant Seed Manual (on-line version) URL: http://wpsm.net/Pinus.pdf
Hoss, Gregory. 2005. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) Pinus resinosa Aiton. plants 2+0; George O. White State Forest Nursery Licking, Missouri. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2024/12/22). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.
