Pinaceae (Pinus)

Protocol Information for:

Label_title:
Pinus (virginiana)

Family Names:

Family Scientific Name:
Pinaceae

Family Common Name:
Pine Family

Scientific Names:

Genus:
Pinus

Species:
virginiana

Scientific Classification:

Scientific SubSpecies:

Species Authority:
P. Mill.

Scientific SubAuthority:

Authors:

Common Synonym:

Genus:

Species:

Synonym Classification:

Synonym SubSpecies:

Species Authority:

Synonym SubAuthority:

Other Information:

Common Name:
Virginia pine

Species Code:
PINVIR

Ecotype:
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park

General Distribution:
P. rigida is found from southern New York to southern Indiana,south to Georgia and Alabama. It is found in dry or sterile soil, especially in abandoned fields.

Known Invasiveness:

Propagation Goal:
plants

Propagation Method:
seed

Product Type:
Container (plug)

Stock Type:

Grow Time:
0

Target Specifications:
Stock Type:2+1 half-gallon container plants; 2+2 gallon container plants
Height: Between 2" and 24" for bareroot seedlings, depending on age; Some smaller seedlings have been potted up and sent to the park as 12-24" plants in 0.5- and 1-gallon containers.
Time to grow: 1 to 3 years from seed in outdoor nursery beds. An additional 1 to 2 years as half-gallon or 1-gallon container plants.
Root System: Bareroot plants should have well-developed root systems. Long roots are pruned if needed at harvest.
Container plants have full root systems that fill the pots. The insides of containers are treated with a copper hydroxide product to encourage development of a fibrous root system.

Propagation Collection:
Cones were collected from mid-September to late-October in GRSM; late September to late November in CUGA and early November in Shenandoah.

Propagation Processing/Propagule Characteristics:
Cleaning: After collection, cones are air-dried in cloth collection bags, which are laid out in full sun on greenhouse benches. Cones are shaken when open to release seeds and seeds are dewinged by hand rubbing.
Seed storage: Seeds were planted after drying and were not stored.
Seeds/Kg: Between 116,000-333,000. (151,800 average)
% Germination: untested; between 5 and 16% of the seeds planted survived to harvest.
% Purity: Between 50-100%(88% average).

Pre-Planting Propagule Treatments:
Pre-Planting Propagule Treatments: Extent of dormancy varies with Pinus species(USDA, 1974. Seeds have been soaked in water for 1 week prior to planting or placed under mist for 1 week. Seeds are then sown in the fall in outdoor nursery beds to allow natural stratification to occur.

Growing Area Preparation / Annual Practices for Perennial Crops:
Propagation environment: Bareroot seedlings are grown to harvest size in outdoor woody nursery beds. Selected 2 year old seedlings are transplanted to 1-gallon containers and grown an additional year in the container nursery as specimens.
Sowing Date: Seeds have been sown in mid-December and the first two weeks in January.
Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown into rows. Rows are 5 to 6 inches apart and seeds are sown side by side, touching. Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with 1 to 2 inches of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back prior to seedling emergence in the spring.

Establishment Phase:
Seedlings emerge the spring following fall sowing. Emergence was not tracked. New seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs and are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August.

Length of Establishment Phase:

Active Growth Phase:
Container nursery: selected bareroot seedlings were potted after harvest in one gallon containers that had been treated with copper hydroxide to prevent root girdling. Plants are grown in woody mix (3.8 cu ft. bale Sunshine #1, 4 cu. ft. of pine bark mulch, 20 oz. Nutricote and approximately 20 oz. ecto-mycorrhizae). Media is replenished yearly through bumpups or repotting. Container plants have been difficult to maintain in the container nursery under overhead irrigation and have experienced die back or chlorosis.

Length of Active Growth Phase:

Hardening Phase:
Container nursery: Irrigation is reduced in the fall as plants go dormant.

Length of Hardening Phase:

Harvesting, Storage and Shipping:
Container seedlings have been overwintered under microfoam and in a cooler. Mildew and desiccation have been a problem in the cooler.

Length of Storage:

Guidelines for Outplanting / Performance on Typical Sites:

Other Comments:

References:
Gleason, H and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden. USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450. Dirr, M. and C. Heuser, Jr. 1987. Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation. Varsity Press, Inc. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records. Unpublished.

Citation:
Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Pinus virginiana P. Mill. plants USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2024/05/17). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.

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