Pinaceae (Pinus)

Protocol Information for:

Label_title:
Pinus (virginiana)

Family Names:

Family Scientific Name:
Pinaceae

Family Common Name:
Pine Family

Scientific Names:

Genus:
Pinus

Species:
virginiana

Scientific Classification:

Scientific SubSpecies:

Species Authority:
P. Mill.

Scientific SubAuthority:

Authors:

Common Synonym:

Genus:

Species:

Synonym Classification:

Synonym SubSpecies:

Species Authority:

Synonym SubAuthority:

Other Information:

Common Name:
Virginia pine

Species Code:
PINVIR

Ecotype:
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Shenandoah National Park

General Distribution:
P. virginiana is found from southern New York to southern Indiana,south to Georgia and Alabama. It is found in dry or sterile soil, especially in abandoned fields.

Known Invasiveness:

Propagation Goal:
plants

Propagation Method:
seed

Product Type:
Bareroot (field grown)

Stock Type:
1+0, 2+0 and 3+0 bareroot seedlings

Grow Time:
0

Target Specifications:
Time to Grow: 1 to 3 years,depending on stock type.
Root System: Bareroot plants should have well-developed root systems. Long roots are pruned if needed at harvest.
Height: Between 2" and 24" for bareroot seedlings, depending on age.

Propagation Collection:
Cones were collected from mid-September to late-October in GRSM; late September to late November in CUGA and early November in Shenandoah.

Propagation Processing/Propagule Characteristics:
Cleaning: After collection, cones are air-dried in cloth collection bags, which are laid out in full sun on greenhouse benches. Cones are shaken when open to release seeds and seeds are dewinged by hand rubbing.
Seed storage: Seeds were planted after drying and were not stored.
Seeds/Kg: Between 116,000-333,000. (151,800 average)
% Germination: untested; between 5 and 16% of the seeds planted survived to harvest.
% Purity: Between 50-100%(88% average).

Pre-Planting Propagule Treatments:
Extent of dormancy varies with Pinus species (USDA, 1974). Seeds have been soaked in water for 1 week prior to planting or placed under mist for 1 week. Seeds are then sown in the fall in outdoor nursery beds to allow natural stratification to occur.

Growing Area Preparation / Annual Practices for Perennial Crops:
Growing Area Preparation / Annual Practices for Perennial Crops: Propagation environment: bareroot seedlings are grown to harvest size in outdoor woody nursery beds. Selected 2 year old seedlings are transplanted to 1-gallon containers and grown an additional year in the container nursery as specimens.
Sowing Date: Seeds have been sown in mid-December and the first two weeks in January.
Sowing/Planting Technique: Seeds are dusted with fungicide and hand sown intorows. Rows are 5 to 6 inches apart and seeds are sown side by side, touching. Ectomycorrhizae are sprinkled over the seed before covering with 1 to 2 inches of soil. The beds are then mulched with aged sawdust, which is scraped back prior to seedling emergence in the spring.

Establishment Phase:
Establishment Phase: Seedlings emerge the spring following fall sowing. Emergence was not tracked. New seedlings are monitored closely for irrigation needs and are shaded as soon as they emerge with poly screening at 30%. Shade cloth remains over seedlings until mid-August.

Length of Establishment Phase:

Active Growth Phase:
Nursery beds: The NPMC soil is a nutrient-poor sandy loam, which is amended with organic matter, such as composted leaves and manure. Seedlings in the nursery beds are fertilized every other week from early May through early June with a granular 10-10-10. From mid-June through late July, the 10-10-10 is alternated with a granular urea. Fertilization from late July through late August is bi-weekly with 10-10-10. Overhead irrigation is used after each fertilizer application. The rate of water applied is determined by soil moisture prior to irrigation.

Length of Active Growth Phase:

Hardening Phase:
Outdoor nursery: During mid- to late summer, fertilization is cut back to twice monthly. Beginning in September, irrigation is only used in a severe droughty situation.

Length of Hardening Phase:

Harvesting, Storage and Shipping:
Conifers have not tolerated over-winter storage in the NPMC cooler, and have deteriorated or died from desiccation or mildew. Dormant bareroot plants are now harvested in late February prior to delivery to the park. A bareroot seedling harvester is used to lift plants in the woody bed. Seedlings are then hand-sorted by size and tied in manageable bundles. Roots are pruned as needed and kept moist until packing. Bundles are packed in plastic bins with drainage holes and roots are covered with moist sawdust. Bins are held in cold storage at 40F for a less than a month. Just prior to shipping, the roots of bundled seedlings are dipped in a mycorrhizal slurry and wrapped while moist in air-tight plastic. This method has reduced root drying during shipping and outplanting.

Length of Storage:

Guidelines for Outplanting / Performance on Typical Sites:

Other Comments:

References:
Gleason, H and A. Cronquist.1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd edition. New York Bot. Garden USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA, Ag. Handbook 450 Dirr, M. and C. Heuser, Jr.1987. Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation. Varsity Press,Inc. USDA NRCS National Plant Materials Center. Woody bed and container plant records.Unpublished.

Citation:
Davis, Kathy; King, Brandy; Kujawski, Jennifer. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of Bareroot (field grown) Pinus virginiana P. Mill. plants 1+0, 2+0 and 3+0 bareroot seedlings; USDA NRCS - Norman A. Berg National Plant Materials Center Beltsville, Maryland. In: Native Plant Network. URL: https://NativePlantNetwork.org (accessed 2024/05/17). US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources.

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